Timbuktu Institute

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According to the Fragility Alert issued by the Fragility Observatory of West & Central Africa for Resilience & Democracy, established by the Timbuktu Institute, West and Central Africa experienced a dual trend in July on the political and security fronts. On the one hand, there was a growing assertion of political and diplomatic sovereignty. On the other, there was an accumulation of institutional and security vulnerabilities. In Senegal, the reshaping of the political landscape has accelerated with Bassirou Diomaye Faye’s formalization of the presidential party Kiiraay—a symbol of a strategy to broaden his base beyond the historic circle of Pastef, as exemplified in particular by his ongoing rapprochement with former President Macky Sall. This dynamic is taking place within a regional context marked by a proliferation of institutional transformations—from Dakar to N’Djamena, including the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)—where executive branches are seeking to consolidate new political balances. At the same time, several states are demonstrating a greater willingness to exert influence in continental affairs, as evidenced by the Cotonou Declaration on maritime security, the N’Djamena Declaration on water security, and the proposed Nigeria-Morocco gas pipeline.

However, this strategic assertiveness coexists with persistent vulnerabilities, particularly in the security sphere. Mali experienced one of the deadliest attacks against its armed forces since 2012 with the Anéfis-Gao ambush, revealing the limitations of the strategy to retake territory and raising initial questions about the strength of the military partnership with Russia. The cancellation of the delivery of Mi-35M helicopters to the AES countries and the coordination difficulties reported on the ground are signs of fragility in an alliance that had previously been presented as an alternative pillar to Western partnerships. At the same time, the jihadist threat remains active in Niger, Burkina Faso, and Nigeria, while humanitarian and climate crises—particularly in the Lake Chad basin—continue to fuel structural vulnerabilities.

On the diplomatic front, a major shift is also evident with Chad’s decision to withdraw from the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, thus joining Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger in a growing challenge to the international judicial frameworks inherited from the post-Cold War era. This movement now extends beyond the Sahel Economic Community (AES) alone and reflects a broader challenge to certain multilateral frameworks, even as the African Union simultaneously attempts to maintain channels of dialogue with Sahelian regimes. In this context, several subtle signs call for particular vigilance. Specifically, these include the persistent institutional uncertainty in Cameroon surrounding Paul Biya’s prolonged absence, political tensions in Burkina Faso, the fragmentation of the Ivorian opposition, and the difficulties in transforming continental ambitions into concrete operational capabilities. Consequently, West and Central Africa appear to be increasingly assertive on the international stage, while at the same time continuing to face internal vulnerabilities whose evolution will be a determining factor in the coming months.