Timbuktu Institute – Week 2 – March 2026

Burkina Faso is experiencing a highly tense March 2026, marked by terrorist attacks and restrictions on freedoms. Whilst the armed group JNIM intensifies its deadly attacks in the east and north of the country, the military regime is tightening its grip on the media sector, which was previously a model of excellence in the sub-region. Nevertheless, despite this multidimensional crisis, the humanitarian sector offers a glimmer of hope thanks to the adoption of a new refugee integration strategy, welcomed by the UN.

Deadly cycle in Burkina Faso: JNIM intensifies its attacks

This March, Burkina Faso has been the target of a wave of terrorist attacks of exceptional violence. In ten days, these attacks have claimed several dozen lives. The victims include both civilians and military personnel, notably during the assault on the police camp of the Yamba Mobile Intervention Unit Group, located 20 kilometres north of Fada N’Gourma, attributed to JNIM. A Human Rights Watch report dated 12 March paints a grim picture of the attacks carried out by JNIM in the north and east of the country. The report mentions “at least 38 civilians killed, 9 women abducted and properties set on fire”. This area, bordering Benin, Togo and Niger, has thus become an epicentre of deteriorating security. Whilst the conflict intensifies in the east and north, another battlefield – less visible but just as crucial – has emerged in the realm of fundamental rights. In this climate of intense tension, press freedom – once the cornerstone of democracy in Burkina Faso – is now under attack, raising concerns far beyond the country’s borders.

Stifling criticism: the end of a golden age for Burkina’s media?

Meanwhile, civil liberties continue to cause concern among observers. In the past, this country was seen as a place where renowned journalists, such as Norbert Zongo, who was murdered in complex circumstances, built their careers. He constantly lamented what he described as the “silence of the decent people”. According to Sadibou Marong, “this is a country that has always counted figures of great stature among its journalists”. Since 2022, the media landscape has been thrown into question following thearrest of journalists and the closure of various media outlets, in the wake of the military’s rise to power. Journalists and reporters in Burkina Faso have also been forced to go to the front line or flee. Many see this as an attempt to silence critical voices. Despite these internal tensions affecting public discourse, Burkina Faso remains committed to its humanitarian obligations. The government is currently attempting to project an image of resilience and pragmatism in its handling of displaced populations.

Paradigm shift: towards sustainable self-reliance for displaced populations

On a separate note, Ruvendrini Menikdiwela, Assistant to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and Head of Protection, held a meeting on 9 March 2026 with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, H.E. Karamoko Jean Marie Traoré, to discuss the refugee situation in Burkina Faso. She took this opportunity to commend the government’s refugee reception policy, which she described as a model given the difficult circumstances the country is facing. For his part, the Foreign Minister emphasised that we were part of a “process aimed at moving away from the problematic image of the refugee and instead valuing them more as potential agents and contributors to development, rather than as an additional burden”. Minister Traoré stressed the need to move beyond the approach of providing ongoing assistance to these populations, by prioritising the development of their autonomy and their ability to contribute proactively to the progress of their host communities.

Timbuktu Institute - Semaine 2 - Mars 2026

Le Burkina Faso traverse un mois de mars 2026 marqué par une tension élevée, entre attaques terroristes et restrictions des libertés. Alors que le groupe armé JNIM intensifie les attaques meurtrières dans l'est et le nord du pays, le régime militaire renforce son emprise sur l'univers médiatique, qui était auparavant un modèle d'excellence dans la sous-région. Néanmoins, malgré cette crise multidimensionnelle, le secteur humanitaire offre une lueur d'espoir grâce à l'adoption d'une nouvelle stratégie d'intégration des réfugiés, saluée par l'ONU.

Cycle mortel au Burkina Faso : le JNIM intensifie ses attaques

En ce mois de mars, le Burkina Faso a été la cible d'une vague d'attaques terroristes d'une violence exceptionnelle. En dix jours, ces attaques ont fait plusieurs dizaines de morts. Les victimes sont aussi bien des civils que des militaires, notamment lors de l'assaut du camp de police du groupement des unités mobiles d'intervention de Yamba, situé à 20 kilomètres au nord de Fada N'Gourma, attribué au JNIM. Un rapport de HRW daté du 12 mars dresse un bilan accablant des attaques menées par le JNIM dans le nord et l'est du pays. Le rapport mentionne « au moins 38 civils tués, 9 femmes enlevées et des propriétés incendiées ». Cette zone, frontalière du Bénin, du Togo et du Niger, est ainsi devenue un épicentre de la dégradation sécuritaire. Si le conflit s'intensifie à l'est et au nord, un autre champ de bataille, moins bruyant mais tout aussi essentiel, est apparu dans le domaine des droits fondamentaux. Dans ce climat de tension intense, la liberté de la presse, qui était autrefois le pilier de la démocratie au Burkina Faso, est aujourd'hui attaquée; ce qui suscite des inquiétudes bien au-delà des frontières du pays.

Étouffer la critique : la fin d'une époque florissante pour les médias du Burkina ?

Entre-temps, les libertés publiques continuent de susciter des inquiétudes chez les observateurs. Autrefois, ce pays était perçu comme un lieu où des journalistes de renom, comme Norbert Zongo, assassiné dans des circonstances complexes, ont fait carrière. Il déplorait constamment ce qu'il qualifiait de « silence des gens biens ». Selon Sadibou Marong, « c'est un pays qui a toujours compté parmi ses journalistes des figures de très grande stature ». Depuis 2022, la situation des médias est remise en cause avec l'arrestation de journalistes et la fermeture de différents organes de presse, à la suite de l'accession au pouvoir des militaires. Des journalistes-reporters du Burkina Faso ont également été contraints de se rendre sur le champ de bataille ou de prendre la fuite. Beaucoup y voient une tentative de faire taire les voix critiques. Malgré ces tensions internes qui affectent le discours public, le Burkina Faso reste fidèle à ses obligations humanitaires. Le gouvernement tente actuellement de projeter une image de résilience et de pragmatisme en matière d'accueil des populations déplacées.

 

Transition de paradigme : vers une autonomie durable des populations déplacées

Dans un autre ordre d'idées, Ruvendrini Menikdiwela, assistante du Haut-Commissaire des Nations unies pour les réfugiés et responsable de la protection, a organisé une réunion le 9 mars 2026 avec le ministre des Affaires étrangères, SEM Karamoko Jean Marie Traoré, pour aborder la question des réfugiés au Burkina Faso. Elle a saisi cette occasion pour saluer la politique d'accueil des réfugiés mise en place par le gouvernement, qu'elle a qualifiée de modèle au vu des conditions difficiles que le pays traverse. De son côté, le responsable de la diplomatie a souligné que nous étions dans une « dynamique visant à séparer l'image problématique du réfugié pour le valoriser davantage en tant qu'acteur et contributeur potentiel au développement, plutôt que comme un fardeau supplémentaire ». Le ministre Traoré a insisté sur la nécessité de dépasser l'approche d'assistance continue pour ces populations, en privilégiant le développement de leur autonomie et de leur capacité à contribuer de manière proactive au progrès de leurs lieux d'accueil.

Timbuktu Institute - 11 March 2026

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Today, in order to fully understand changes in public opinion and representations of the international scene and its dynamics, it is necessary to break with, or at least supplement, traditional approaches with a genuine analytical netnography approach for various reasons. Firstly, there has been a significant democratisation of access to information that shapes and forms African opinions at all levels, outside the confines of censorship and the mass media, but also, unfortunately, outside the confines of ethical control and repartee. Secondly, although the opinions expressed through social networks, which now determine the relationship with the West – whether real, imagined or fantasised – and its actions on the international stage, are not infallible indicators, they do reveal trends that call for a deep awareness of the changes in political and international relations in the era of digital activism and engagement.

The recent military escalation between Israel, the United States and Iran has sparked a wave of reactions around the world, mobilising both governments and public opinion in various geopolitical contexts. Although in a less assertive and more wait-and-see manner, West Africa and the Sahel have been no exception. Beyond statements of support or condemnation depending on the country, West African public opinion has not failed to seize on the conflict, framing it within its own geopolitical narratives. In this regard, the particular geopolitical configuration in which many countries in the region operate provides a key to understanding these reactions.

In a context of reconfiguring alliances, public opinion has actively reconstructed a narrative of national ‘sovereignty’ centred on “resistance” to what they refer to as ‘Western imperialism’. It is in this logic that conflicts between ‘the West’ (the United States, Israel, France, etc.) and a country of the ‘global South’ are reinterpreted through the prism of their own trajectories of rupture. Thus, with this conflict, Iran symbolically occupies a prominent place in the formulation of this imaginary. In this sense, in this representation, the American-Israeli-Iranian conflict is not so much a distant conflict in the Persian Gulf as an extension of a global geopolitical order already subject to criticism in the Sahel and West Africa.

The present analysis, based on different representations and imaginaries, through continuous information monitoring, highlights three narratives: 1) a demystification of Western power centred on the failure of American and Israeli military capabilities in the face of Iran; 2) Iran presented as a model of resistance to Western hegemony; 3) the narrative of double standards and hypocrisy on the part of the international community. Taken together, these narratives shed light on how a large part of West African public opinion projects its own sovereignist aspirations onto the global geopolitical stage.

 

 

 

Timbuktu Institute Week 1 - March 2026

In Senegal, recent developments at the head of the executive branch mark a deep and now open rift between President Bassirou Diomaye Faye and his Prime Minister Ousmane Sonko, once united under the emblematic slogan ‘Diomaye moy Sonko, Sonko moy Diomaye’ that had carried them to victory in 2024. Latent tensions surrounding controversial appointments (such as the replacement of Aïssatou Mbodj by Aminata Touré at the head of the presidential coalition) intensified in early March 2026: on 2 March, Ousmane Sonko publicly considered a possible return to the opposition if Faye deviated from the party's radical line, evoking a ‘more difficult cohabitation’ or a political divorce. The climax came on 7 March, when Faye chaired the founding general assembly of his personal coalition ‘Diomaye Président’, formalising his autonomy from Pastef and calling for a more moderate discourse on issues such as justice, which was perceived as a betrayal by Sonko's supporters. This structuring as an alternative force to Pastef, with calls for a stronger local presence in view of future elections (notably in 2029), marks a complete break in discourse and structures, weakening the ruling majority and exposing the country to increased political instability at the top of the state, while observers already describe this fratricidal duel as inevitable and potentially destructive for post-transition stability. Meanwhile, the direct dialogue initiative, symbolised by the sessions of exchanges with citizens, marks a desire to strengthen the proximity between the top of the state and the population. This interactive communication format aims to explain the reforms underway, gather social concerns, and legitimise government action through grassroots education. This approach is part of a strategy to consolidate public confidence, where transparency in exchanges serves as a bulwark against misinformation and strengthens support for the national transformation project.

Diplomatic influence under debate?

The official candidacy of former President Macky Sall for a high-level position within the UN, supported by regional figures such as Évariste Ndayishimiye, illustrates the vitality of Senegalese diplomacy. This candidacy is a testament to the recognition of the country's expertise in mediation and global governance. Beyond the individual figure, it highlights Senegal's ability to project its leaders into the global multilateral architecture, thereby strengthening the influence of West African diplomacy within the United Nations.

Social cohesion and republican symbolism: the importance of inclusive dialogue

Moments of republican communion, such as gatherings at the Palace around cultural or religious symbols, serve as a framework for the pluralistic expression of Senegalese society. These meetings allow figures from civil and religious society to express their views on the social climate and advocate for better mutual understanding. By offering a platform to those who support the institution, the state seeks to ease discursive tensions and remind people that national stability is based on mutual respect, far from the invective that sometimes saturates the digital public space.

Senegal in the face of global crises: an African voice on the Middle East

In a context of global geopolitical tensions, notably the recent strikes in the Middle East, Senegal and its African peers (Morocco, Chad) are called upon to define clear positions. This situation highlights the country's responsibility in promoting peace and international stability. The reactions observed underscore a common desire to prioritise de-escalation and respect for international law. This position reflects Senegal's ambition to act as a balancing force, seeking to protect the interests of the continent while contributing to global security.

Timbuktu Institute Semaine 1 - Mars 2026 

Télécharger l'intégralité de la Météo Sahel

Au Sénégal, les récents développements à la tête de l'exécutif marquent une rupture profonde et désormais ouverte entre le président Bassirou Diomaye Faye et son Premier ministre Ousmane Sonko, autrefois unis sous le slogan emblématique « Diomaye moy Sonko, Sonko moy Diomaye » qui avait porté leur victoire en 2024. Les tensions latentes autour de nominations contestées (comme le remplacement d'Aïssatou Mbodj par Aminata Touré à la tête de la coalition présidentielle), se sont intensifiées début mars 2026 : le 2 mars, Ousmane Sonko a publiquement envisagé un éventuel retour dans l'opposition si Faye s'écartait de la ligne radicale du parti, évoquant une « cohabitation plus difficile » ou un divorce politique. Le point culminant est survenu le 7 mars, lorsque Faye a présidé l'assemblée générale fondatrice de sa coalition personnelle « Diomaye Président », officialisant son autonomie vis-à-vis du Pastef et revendiquant un discours plus modéré sur des thèmes comme la justice perçu comme une trahison par les militants sonkistes. Cette structuration en force alternative au Pastef, avec des appels à une présence locale renforcée en vue des échéances futures (notamment 2029), signe une rupture consommée dans les discours et les structures, fragilisant la majorité au pouvoir et exposant le pays à une instabilité politique accrue au sommet de l'État, alors que des observateurs qualifient déjà ce duel fratricide d'inévitable et potentiellement destructeur pour la stabilité post-alternance. Pendant ce temps, l'initiative de dialogue direct, symbolisée par les sessions d'échanges avec les citoyens, marque une volonté de renforcer la proximité entre le sommet de l'État et la population. Ce format de communication interactive vise à expliquer les réformes en cours, à recueillir les préoccupations sociales et à légitimer l'action gouvernementale par une pédagogie de terrain. Cette démarche s'inscrit dans une stratégie de consolidation de la confiance publique, où la transparence des échanges sert de rempart contre la désinformation et renforce l'adhésion au projet de transformation nationale.

Le rayonnement diplomatique en débat ?

La candidature officielle de l'ancien président Macky Sall à un poste de haut niveau au sein des instances de l'ONU, portée par des soutiens régionaux comme celui d'Évariste Ndayishimiye, illustre la vitalité de la diplomatie sénégalaise. Ce dépôt de candidature témoigne de la reconnaissance de l'expertise du pays en matière de médiation et de gouvernance globale. Au-delà de la figure individuelle, cela souligne la capacité du Sénégal à projeter ses cadres dans l'architecture multilatérale mondiale, renforçant ainsi l'influence de la diplomatie ouest-africaine au sein des Nations Unies.

Cohésion sociale et symbolisme républicain : l'importance du dialogue inclusif

Les moments de communion républicaine, tels que les rassemblements au Palais autour de symboles culturels ou religieux, servent de cadre à une expression plurielle de la société sénégalaise. Ces rencontres permettent à des figures de la société civile et religieuse de s'exprimer sur le climat social et de plaider pour une meilleure compréhension mutuelle. En offrant une tribune à ceux qui soutiennent l'institution, l'État cherche à apaiser les tensions discursives et à rappeler que la stabilité nationale repose sur un respect partagé, loin des invectives qui saturent parfois l'espace public numérique.

Le Sénégal face aux crises globales : une voix africaine sur le Moyen-Orient

Dans un contexte de tensions géopolitiques mondiales, notamment les récentes frappes au Moyen-Orient, le Sénégal et ses pairs africains (Maroc, Tchad) sont amenés à définir des positions claires. Cette situation met en lumière la responsabilité du pays dans la promotion de la paix et de la stabilité internationale. Les réactions observées soulignent une volonté commune de privilégier la désescalade et le respect du droit international. Ce positionnement reflète l'ambition du Sénégal d'agir comme un acteur équilibriste, soucieux de protéger les intérêts du continent tout en contribuant à la sécurité globale.

Timbuktu Institute Week 1 - March 2026

 

The emergence of the Alliance of Sahel States (AES) marks a historic turning point that goes beyond simple military cooperation to become a genuine social project. This transition aims to replace the models of governance inherited from the colonial era with a structure of shared sovereignty capable of responding endogenously to multidimensional crises. The objective is to transform the Sahel into an autonomous decision-making hub, based on political and economic integration that places the dignity of the people at the heart of public action. This desire for change is a direct response to the limitations of traditional regional organisations, which are perceived as being too dependent on external agendas.

National security through the prism of the economy

Defence doctrine in Mali and Burkina Faso is undergoing a major shift: the fight against financial fraud and corruption is now considered a national security imperative. There is a growing conviction that territorial stability is inseparable from budgetary transparency. By treating tax evasion and illicit financial flows as direct threats to state security, the authorities are seeking not only to clean up the administration, but above all to ensure that national resources are fully mobilised to finance sovereignty and protect the people.

Breakaway diplomacy and historical references

Current foreign policy is part of a quest to restore national dignity, rooted in the pan-Africanist heritage and non-alignment principles of the First Malian Republic. This strategic repositioning, which prioritises absolute sovereignty and mutual respect, is forcing world powers to review their modes of interaction with the Sahel. We are witnessing a redefinition of the balance of power, with Mali demanding strict equality in its partnerships, recalling the historical orientations of the Modibo Keïta era while adapting them to contemporary geopolitical challenges.

The pragmatism of international partnerships

Faced with the assertiveness of this sovereignist bloc, international actors such as the United States are adopting a posture of cautious pragmatism. Rather than risking a total breakdown, Washington seems to favour a strategy of maintaining strategic and economic interests. This nuanced approach reflects recognition of the AES's new geopolitical weight. It illustrates a transition in which foreign powers must now navigate carefully to preserve their channels of cooperation without offending the transitional authorities' desire for independence.

The Army-Nation Doctrine and social resilience

The survival of the state in the face of asymmetric threats now relies on the concept of merging the defence forces with the civilian population. This synergy, a pillar of the ‘Army-Nation’ doctrine, aims to strengthen internal cohesion and make the territory impervious to attempts at external destabilisation. By placing each citizen as an actor in nationaldefence, the AES seeks to build lasting resilience that no longer depends exclusively on firepower, but on the strength of the social contract and solidarity between civilians and the military.

Towards autonomy in mediation and peace

A critical assessment of past foreign mediation efforts, particularly those that lasted several decades, has led to a profound re-examination of traditional peace processes. The limited effectiveness of third-party interventions has now led Mali to favour endogenous and direct solutions. This desire to reclaim control over conflict resolution mechanisms marks the end of an era of diplomatic tutelage, affirming that true stability can only be achieved through sovereign national dialogue, free from external mediation agendas.