Source : Sahel Weather

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Over the past two months, Mauritania has been in the spotlight both regionally and internationally. On the one hand, the European Union has announced 210 million euros in funding to help the country counter the flow of migrants to Europe, by stepping up the fight against smugglers and improving border security. This initiative comes at a time when Mauritania is facing an increasing flow of migrants and refugees, exacerbated by instability in the Sahel. 

On the other hand, Mauritania has been nominated to chair the African Union in 2024, a decision hailed as a compromise among North African countries, which have long struggled to find a common candidate due to regional rivalries. Mohamed Ould Ghazouani, Mauritania's current president, has been described as a man of consensus, bringing stability to a region marked by tensions. 

However, despite these diplomatic advances, internal political tensions persist, as demonstrated by the recent lifting of the parliamentary immunity of opposition MP Biram Dah Abeid. Indeed, the president of the opposition Union des forces du progrès (UFP) Mohamed O. Maouloud had filed a complaint for "defamation and slander" after B. Abeid had claimed that he had received a large sum of money from businessman Mohamed Ould Bouamatou, during the 2019 election campaign. This decision reflects the divisions within the opposition a few months ahead of the presidential election scheduled for June 2024. 

Finally, four police officers, including a commissioner, were sentenced to life imprisonment for torturing a human rights activist to death in a police station in Nouakchott in 2023. The convicts were found guilty of the crimes of torture resulting in death, unjustified use of torture and falsification of evidence. A fifth police officer was also sentenced to two years' imprisonment for attempting to conceal the crime. The prosecutor had initially requested the death penalty against the commissioner and two of his subordinates. The death of activist Souvi Ould Chene, which occurred after he had been summoned for a complaint of non-payment of a debt, provoked violent unrest and led to the closure of the offending police station. This ruling highlights a rare prosecution of senior civil servants in Mauritania for acts committed in the exercise of their duties.



Source : Météo Sahel 

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Le Tchad a été confronté à une série d'événements complexes et interconnectés qui ont profondément influencé la situation politique, économique et sécuritaire du pays. L'annonce de l'état d'urgence alimentaire a mis en lumière la crise humanitaire provoquée par l'afflux massif de réfugiés en provenance du Soudan voisin. Avec plus d'un demi-million de réfugiés ayant fui les conflits au Darfour, le Tchad se retrouve sous pression pour répondre aux besoins de ces populations déplacées, exacerbant ainsi les tensions sociales et économiques internes. Même si l’Union européenne a octroyé une aide humanitaire de plus de 29 milliards de FCFA au Tchad, la situation demeure très compliquée. En particulier depuis que l’ONU a annoncé suspendre l’aide alimentaire aux réfugiés soudanais faute de moyen financier. Par exemple, dans le camp d’Adré, 80% des habitants « ont vu des gens piller et brûler leur maison », pendant cette guerre qui ne manque pas de réveiller les tensions et conflits intercommunautaires dans le pays. 

Sur le plan politique, le ralliement de Sahel Déby Itno au Parti Socialiste sans Frontière (PSF) de l’opposant Yaya Dillo, a révélé les fissures au sein du clan présidentiel et du parti Mouvement patriotique du Salut (MPS), fondé par son défunt frère, le président Idriss Déby Itno. Ce geste a été perçu comme une remise en cause du leadership de Mahamat Déby, actuel chef de la transition. Par ailleurs, des critiques ont également émergé concernant l'adoption d'un nouveau code électoral, accusé de favoriser le camp présidentiel et de restreindre la participation politique équitable. Ces tensions politiques ont été exacerbées par les manifestations et les grèves qui ont éclaté en réponse à la hausse significative des prix du carburant. La population, déjà confrontée à des difficultés économiques croissantes, a exprimé son mécontentement face à cette décision gouvernementale.

Les événements sécuritaires ont atteint un pic avec ce que le gouvernement a présenté comme une attaque meurtrière contre les locaux des services de renseignement, par des partisans de Yaya Dillo. Une situation trouble où les forces de sécurité ont conduit une opération de police au siège du parti de l’opposant, occasionnant sa mort. Selon le gouvernement, le président du PSF “n’a pas voulu se rendre et a tiré sur les forces de l’ordre”. Du côté des responsables du parti, l’on dénonce un “assassinat”. La famille de Dillo conteste la version officielle et réclame une enquête approfondie pour établir la vérité sur sa mort. Il se pose donc la question de la stabilité et de la sécurité du pays alors qu'il se prépare une délicate et incertaine transition politique.

En effet, l'approche de l'élection présidentielle du 6 mai 2024 où, pour la première fois dans l'histoire du pays et même en Afrique, le président en exercice, Mahamat Idriss Déby, et son Premier ministre, Succès Masra, se présentent tous les deux comme candidats, malgré leur cohabitation au sein du pouvoir de transition. Le processus électoral lui-même est sujet à controverse, avec des critiques portant sur le nouveau code électoral qui restreint la transparence, notamment en abolissant l'affichage des résultats devant les bureaux de vote et en limitant l'accès des partis politiques aux procès-verbaux. En outre, le Conseil constitutionnel a rejeté les candidatures de dix postulants à la présidentielle, dont celles de deux opposants farouches à la junte au pouvoir. Le tout dans un climat où la liberté de la presse est relativement remise en question à la suite de la suspension de plusieurs médias par les autorités et une crise des médias privés.

Dans l'est du pays, des affrontements entre différentes communautés ont entraîné la mort d'au moins 42 personnes, soulignant ainsi les défis persistants en matière de sécurité et de cohésion sociale au Tchad.





Source : Sahel Weather

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Chad has been confronted with a series of complex and interconnected events that have had a profound impact on the country's political, economic and security situation. The announcement of a state of food emergency highlighted the humanitarian crisis caused by the massive influx of refugees from neighboring Sudan. With over half a million refugees having fled the conflict in Darfur, Chad finds itself under pressure to meet the needs of these displaced populations, exacerbating internal social and economic tensions. Although the European Union has granted more than 29 billion CFA francs in humanitarian aid to Chad, the situation remains very complicated. This is particularly true since the UN announced that it was suspending food aid to Sudanese refugees for lack of funds. In the Adré camp, for example, 80% of the inhabitants "have seen people looting and burning their homes" during this war, which is rekindling inter-community tensions and conflicts in the country. 

On the political front, Sahel Déby Itno's move to join opposition politician Yaya Dillo's Parti Socialiste sans Frontière (PSF) revealed fissures within the presidential clan and the Mouvement Patriotique du Salut (MPS) party, founded by his late brother, President Idriss Déby Itno. The move was seen as a challenge to the leadership of Mahamat Déby, the current head of the transition. Criticism also emerged over the adoption of a new electoral code, accused of favoring the presidential camp and restricting equitable political participation. These political tensions were exacerbated by the demonstrations and strikes that broke out in response to the significant rise in fuel prices. The population, already facing increasing economic difficulties, expressed its dissatisfaction with the government's decision.

Security events came to a head with what the government presented as a murderous attack on the premises of the intelligence services, by supporters of Yaya Dillo. In a turbulent situation, the security forces carried out a police operation at the headquarters of the opponent's party, resulting in his death. According to the government, the president of the PSF "refused to surrender and fired on the police". Party officials, however, denounced the incident as an "assassination". Dillo's family disputes the official version and is calling for a thorough investigation to establish the truth about his death. This raises the question of the country's stability and security as it prepares for a delicate and uncertain political transition.

Indeed, the approach of the May 6, 2024 presidential election where, for the first time in the country's history and even in Africa, the incumbent president, Mahamat Idriss Déby, and his prime minister, Succès Masra, are both standing as candidates, despite their cohabitation within the transitional power. The electoral process itself is controversial, with criticisms levelled at the new electoral code which restricts transparency, notably by abolishing the posting of results in front of polling stations and limiting political parties' access to the minutes. In addition, the Constitutional Council rejected the candidacies of ten presidential candidates, including those of two staunch opponents of the ruling junta. All of this in a climate where press freedom is relatively questioned following the suspension of several media outlets by the authorities and a crisis in the private media.

In the east of the country, clashes between different communities led to the death of at least 42 people, underlining the persistent challenges to security and social cohesion in Chad.




Source : Météo Sahel 

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Au Burkina Faso, la situation sécuritaire demeure extrêmement préoccupante, avec une recrudescence des violences jihadistes qui ont engendré une effusion de sang sans précédent dans plusieurs régions du pays. Des attaques meurtrières contre des fidèles dans une mosquée et une église sont la parfaite illustration de la persistance de ces violences interconfessionnelles et jihadistes. De plus, une série d'attaques d'une violence inouïe a frappé trois villages du nord du pays, a entraîné la mort d'au moins 170 personnes dont de nombreuses femmes et des enfants. Ces attaques sont survenues dans un contexte déjà tendu, marqué par des violences similaires dans d'autres régions du pays, notamment dans la province de la Komondjari à l'est, où les villages de Bibgou et Soualimou ont été le théâtre d'atrocités similaires et dans le centre-est. Des vidéos poignantes montrent des dizaines de cadavres gisant au sol dans ces régions déchirées par les conflits.

C’est dans ce climat que des recrutements forcés de civils, y compris des militants, des médecins, des journalistes et des opposants, pour renforcer les Volontaires pour la défense de la patrie (VDP) dans la lutte contre les djihadistes continuent de susciter des inquiétudes. A ce propos, des organisations de la société civile et de défense de droits humains ne manquent pas de dénoncer les violations des droits de l'homme et l'utilisation de méthodes coercitives par le gouvernement. 

Dans ce sillage, l'arrestation considérée comme arbitraire de l'avocat Guy-Hervé Kam a provoqué une vive réaction de la part de la communauté juridique, entraînant une grève des avocats pour fustiger ce qu’elle dénonce comme une répression croissante des voix discordantes. De même, les accusations de Human Rights Watch concernant la répression d’activistes de la société civile et d’opposants politiques pacifiques par la junte ont, une fois de plus, mis la lumière sur la détérioration continue de la situation des droits de l'homme dans le pays. Les enlèvements des membres actifs du mouvement Balai citoyen, à l’instar de Bassirou Badjo ou Rasmane Zinaba, illustrent cette inquiétante atmosphère de répression généralisée.

De plus, la situation humanitaire s'aggrave, avec près de 500 000 personnes vivant dans des zones sous blocus privées d'accès à l'aide humanitaire en raison de l'insécurité croissante et du manque de financement pour les opérations humanitaires. Malgré les appels à l'action internationale et les tentatives de médiation pour résoudre la crise, le Burkina Faso demeure confronté à des défis majeurs en matière de sécurité, de droits de l'homme et de réponse humanitaire, nécessitant une mobilisation urgente et coordonnée de la communauté internationale pour atténuer les souffrances des civils et restaurer la stabilité dans le pays.

Par ailleurs, le Burkina Faso quatrième producteur d’or sur le continent a annoncé la suspension de ses exportations d'or et de substances précieuses de production artisanale et semi-mécanisée. Ceci en raison du “besoin d'assainissement du secteur minier et la volonté du gouvernement de mieux organiser la commercialisation de l'or et des autres substances précieuses”, a justifié le ministre de l'Energie et des Mines. 

Dans ce contexte régional tendu et fragile marqué par le retrait annoncé du Burkina Faso, du Mali et du Niger de la CEDEAO ainsi que des critiques sur l'influence française, des ministres de ces pays se sont réunis pour discuter de la possibilité de former une confédération. “Ce mécanisme permettra à notre alliance [l’AES] et à la confédération de fonctionner efficacement et au grand bonheur de nos populations”, a estimé le ministre nigérien de la Défense, Salifou Modi.




Source : Sahel Weather

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The security situation in Burkina Faso remains extremely worrying, with an upsurge in jihadist violence that has resulted in unprecedented bloodshed in several regions of the country. Murderous attacks on worshippers in a mosque and a church are the perfect illustration of the persistence of interfaith and jihadist violence. In addition, a series of unprecedentedly violent attacks hit three villages in the north of the country, resulting in the deaths of at least 170 people, many of them women and children. These attacks came against an already tense backdrop, marked by similar violence in other parts of the country, notably in the Komondjari province in the east, where the villages of Bibgou and Soualimou were the scene of similar atrocities, and in the center-east. Harrowing videos show dozens of corpses lying on the ground in these conflict-torn regions.

It is in this climate that the forced recruitment of civilians, including activists, doctors, journalists and opponents, to reinforce the Volunteers for Homeland Defense (VDP) in the fight against jihadists continues to raise concerns. In this respect, civil society and human rights organizations have been denouncing human rights violations and the use of coercive methods by the government. 

In the same vein, the arrest of lawyer Guy-Hervé Kam, considered arbitrary, provoked a strong reaction from the legal community, leading to a lawyers' strike in protest at what they denounced as the increasing repression of dissenting voices. Similarly, Human Rights Watch's accusations of the junta's repression of civil society activists and peaceful political opponents once again shed light on the continuing deterioration of the human rights situation in the country. The kidnappings of active members of the Balai citoyen movement, such as Bassirou Badjo and Rasmane Zinaba, illustrate this worrying atmosphere of widespread repression.

In addition, the humanitarian situation is worsening, with almost 500,000 people living in blockaded areas denied access to humanitarian aid due to growing insecurity and lack of funding for humanitarian operations. Despite calls for international action and mediation attempts to resolve the crisis, Burkina Faso continues to face major challenges in terms of security, human rights and humanitarian response, requiring an urgent and coordinated mobilization of the international community to alleviate the suffering of civilians and restore stability to the country.

Burkina Faso, the continent's fourth-largest gold producer, has announced the suspension of its exports of gold and precious substances from artisanal and semi-mechanized production. This is due to "the need to clean up the mining sector and the government's desire to better organize the marketing of gold and other precious substances", explained the Minister of Energy and Mines. 

In this tense and fragile regional context, marked by the announced withdrawal of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger from ECOWAS and criticism of French influence, ministers from these countries met to discuss the possibility of forming a confederation. "This mechanism will enable our alliance [the ESA] and the confederation to function effectively and to the great benefit of our populations", said Niger's Minister of Defense, Salifou Modi.





 

Source : Sahel Weather

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In Togo, the death of exiled opposition figure Gabriel Messan Agbéyomé Kodjo, former Prime Minister and President of the National Assembly, has sent shockwaves through the country. Kodjo, who had challenged President Faure Gnassingbé in the 2020 presidential election which he believed he had won, died without being able to return to his country, two months after his mentor Monseigneur Phillipe Fanoko Kpodzro. His meandering political career reflects the tumultuous nature of Togolese political life, from his first steps as a minister in the 1980s to his challenge to the 2020 election results, which forced him into exile. 

At the same time, the security situation in the country remains worrying, with the extension of the state of emergency in the Savanes region, plagued by incursions by jihadist groups since November 2021. This measure, adopted for the third time, comes against a tense electoral backdrop, with legislative and regional elections scheduled for April 20. 

A proposal for a revised constitution, aimed at changing the country's presidential system to a parliamentary one, was also under consideration by the National Assembly. Togolese deputies adopted the new Constitution on the evening of Monday March 25, giving Parliament the power to elect the President of the Republic "without debate" for a single six-year term. Previously, the Togolese president was elected by direct universal suffrage for a five-year term, renewable once. The constitutional reform was proposed by a group of deputies, mainly from the ruling Union pour la République (UNIR) party. It was adopted with a large majority, since the opposition, which is poorly represented in the National Assembly due to its boycott of the 2018 legislative elections, has little influence on the legislative process. As well as changing the way the president is appointed, this new constitution also introduces the position of "President of the Council of Ministers", who will have the "full authority and power to manage the affairs of the government and be held accountable accordingly". The President of the Council of Ministers will be the leader of the party or the leader of the coalition of parties that won the majority in the legislative elections, and will be appointed for a six-year term. The date of entry into force of the new Constitution has not yet been specified. 

Finally, the Constitutional Court has validated the participation of 2,350 candidates for 113 seats in the forthcoming legislative elections, despite criticism of the process and errors in the candidate lists.