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‘The JNIM is not seeking to march on Bamako immediately. Instead, it is tightening the noose around the regime and seeking to weaken the economy by exacerbating shortages in the hope of discrediting the authorities in power,’ Dr Bakary Sambe explains in this interview. By methodically targeting gold and lithium mines, increasing the number of kidnappings of foreign engineers, setting fire to convoys on the Bamako-Dakar corridor and imposing a fuel blockade from Senegal and Mauritania, the Al-Qaeda-affiliated group has changed its paradigm: it is an ‘economic jihad’ on an unprecedented scale that aims to implode Mali from within rather than conquer it militarily. Dr Bakary Sambe, president of the Timbuktu Institute and specialist in West African jihadist dynamics, demonstrates this strategy of suffocation and raises the alarm. Between logistical sabotage, colossal ransoms and community roots, the risk is no longer a hypothetical invasion but rapid cross-border contagion that could transform Senegambia and Mauritania into weak links in regional destabilisation. In this interview with Sud Quotiden, Dr Bakary Sambe, one of the leading specialists on transnational networks in the Sahel and West Africa, discusses the regional security situation in the context of the JNIM offensive in Mali and the resurgence of attacks in the west of the country. In recent years, Dr Bakary Sambe has devoted himself to experimenting with agile approaches in conflict zones and strategies for harnessing endogenous resources to strengthen community resilience, as well as to preventive diplomacy, advising states and regional and international organisations. He is also a lecturer and researcher at the Centre for the Study of Religions at Gaston Berger University in Saint-Louis (Senegal).

The situation in Mali seems to be reaching a critical point with the advance of JNIM. In your opinion, what are the real risks of a power shift in Bamako into the hands of jihadist groups, and what concrete signs indicate that this prospect is drawing nearer?

The risk of a direct and frontal takeover of power in Bamako by the JNIM (Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimîn, also referred to as GSIM in some analyses) remains structurally limited in the short and medium term, not because of the overwhelming superiority of Malian state forces, but because such an undertaking would fundamentally contradict the group's operational and strategic doctrine, as we have deciphered in our recent reports to the Timbuktu Institute, as well as in the September 2025 Observatory Letter devoted to ‘JNIM in Kayes: Economic Fragmentation and Cross-Border Threat’. The JNIM, affiliated with Al-Qaeda, has learned from the historical failures of its predecessors – such as the short-lived capture of Gao and Timbuktu in 2012 by Tuareg and jihadist groups that were temporarily allied, followed by a rapid expulsion by Operation Serval – to avoid conventional confrontations where it would inevitably be defeated by a regular army, even a weakened one, and if necessary within the framework of alliances that could prove fatal to it. Instead, the group has opted for a hybrid war of attrition, combining economic suffocation, political delegitimisation and community anchoring, aiming not at the immediate territorial conquest of the capital, but at its collapse from within under the weight of possible popular uprisings, widespread shortages and a total loss of legitimacy of the military regime in power. This strategy of gradual suffocation is explicitly articulated by the JNIM itself in its propaganda communications, where foreign investors are described as ‘economic colonisers’ exploiting resources without local benefit, a rhetoric that amplifies community grievances and strengthens the group's local roots. There are many concrete and interconnected signs that this prospect of internal collapse is drawing nearer.

How is this JNIM strategy, which you describe as ‘economic jihad’, actually being implemented on the ground in Mali today?

First, there was an escalation of operations against Mali's economic lifelines in 2025: on 1 July, the kidnapping of three Indian engineers at the Diamond Cement Factory in the gold-mining region of Kayes, prompting an immediate diplomatic reaction from New Delhi; between late July and August, six coordinated attacks on Chinese mining sites, resulting in the kidnapping of a dozen Chinese nationals and forcing Beijing to demand that the Malian authorities step up security; on 22 August, a raid on the Bougouni lithium mine operated by the British company Kodal Minerals, causing the death of a security guard and a temporary suspension of operations, with a costly increase in private security. I continue to maintain that these actions are not isolated. Based on my experience with the evolution of jihadist groups in recent decades, these attacks are part of a systematic disruption of logistics chains, with recurring blockades and ambushes on convoys, destroying tanker trucks and heavy equipment on the Bamako-Kayes and Bamako-Sikasso routes. Added to this are massive injections of cash into targeted communities for recruitment via colossal ransoms – between $50 million and $70 million for the release of two Emiratis and one Iranian, not to mention military equipment (off-road vehicles, fuel, small arms) – which are transforming JNIM from an opportunistic guerrilla group into a hybrid force capable of multi-front operations. In my opinion, these funds are likely to finance the purchase of heavy weapons, new-generation homemade explosives, reconnaissance drones and encrypted communication systems, enabling simultaneous raids, accelerated recruitment in mobile camps, and amplified propaganda presenting each payment as a ‘tax on economic crusaders’. The debate within the Katiba Macina leadership on the strategic activation, in the Kayes region, of Abu Leith Al-Lîbî, the hostage-taking specialist, does not seem insignificant. The blockade announced on 3 September by Abu Houzeifa Al-Bambari – prohibiting the import of fuel from Senegal, Mauritania, Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea, and suspending the activities of Diarra Transport – has resulted in the burning of buses and tanker trucks (three on the Bamako-Kayes route on the night of 5 to 6 September), causing price increases, food insecurity (1.52 million people affected in Ménaka and elsewhere) and erosion of state revenues, with the Kayes region accounting for 80% of national gold production. These dynamics, while seeking to delegitimise the regime that promised security through non-Western partnerships (Russia, Turkey to a lesser extent), would increase the risk of an exasperated popular uprising, making the prospect of an indirect shift – through implosion rather than invasion – increasingly tangible, without the JNIM having to expose itself to a conventional assault or an uncertain urban battle.

Some believe that if Mali ‘collapses’, it will lead to profound destabilisation across the whole of Senegambia and West Africa. How would you analyse the cross-border dimension of the risk, and which countries are most exposed in the short term?

The cross-border dimension of the Malian risk is not a collateral consequence, but remains a deliberate strategic lever for JNIM, which, depending on the circumstances, exploits socio-cultural continuity, porous borders and economic interdependencies to transform a national crisis into a regional contagion. Kayes, a migratory and economic crossroads bordered by Senegal, Mauritania and Guinea, was not chosen at random: via National Route 1 (RN1), it handles around 30% of Mali's land imports (2.7 million tonnes of goods per year, including fuel and cereals), and more than 70% of imports pass through regional ports, notably Dakar. By sabotaging this artery – simultaneous attacks on five military or strategic positions in Kayes and Diboli on 1 July (1.3 km from the Senegalese border), the burning of construction equipment on the RN1 on 31 August by the Chinese company COVEC, and the imposition of a curfew until 30 September – the JNIM is not only paralysing Bamako, but also disrupting West African trade flows in general, forcing dependence on secondary roads under insurgent control and encouraging illicit trafficking (gold, livestock, timber). In the short term, Senegal and Mauritania are the most exposed, with multidimensional risks. Mali accounts for 55% of Senegal's total exports to Africa and around 21% of our country's total exports. Mali remains the largest market for Senegalese cement, for example, receiving nearly 80% of Senegal's cement exports to the region, not to mention hydrocarbons. Despite the security crisis, Mali has retained its role as the main importer of fuel and foodstuffs from Senegal, including supplies for ships and aircraft. For Senegal, the disruption of the Bamako-Dakar corridor by jihadists threatens Malian exports transiting through its port, driving up transport costs and the prices of essential goods; the suspension of journeys announced by the Union of Road Transporters of Senegal (UTRS) on 2 July illustrates this immediate vulnerability. In terms of security, the incidents in Diboli and, before that, Melgué point to a risk of infiltration in eastern Senegal, exacerbated by the spread of extremist movements and the weakness of social intelligence in preventive approaches. The deployment of the Rapid Action Surveillance and Intervention Group (Garsi) to Goudiri, supported by the European Union, is certainly a response, but a likely escalation would divert some resources from internal socio-economic priorities. In Mauritania, pressure on Nioro-du-Sahel – breaking with its status of inviolability via the influential Chérif Bouyé Haïdara – and the influx of refugees into the Hodhs and Assaba are stirring up public opinion, with online calls for military intervention to protect the religious leader, who is respected even in the highest circles of Nouakchott, fearing the spectre of the kidnapping of Sheikh Thierno Hady Tall of the Omani Tijâniyya at the end of December 2024. This could inflame cross-border community tensions, with JNIM potentially targeting this influence to recruit or destabilise. In the longer term, contagion would affect Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire, which has already experienced attacks in the Kafolo area via reinforced smuggling networks, complicating the regional fight against terrorism. Without enhanced cooperation involving sincere intelligence sharing and joint security of corridors, a collapse in Mali would turn Senegambia into a weak link, with repercussions for the stability of West Africa as a whole. Senegal must adopt a stronger, politically committed prevention strategy, if only in light of these signals.

 

 

 

Interview by Henriette Niang Kandé

In a context where Sahelian jihadism, now deeply entrenched within the JNIM, continues its westward advance and directly threatens Senegambia, Dr Bakary Sambe, president of the Timbuktu Institute and renowned specialist in religious and security dynamics in West Africa, sounds the alarm in this interview. Rejecting the naive belief that Senegal is “naturally” resilient, he calls on West African elites, particularly those in Senegal, to finally learn from Mali's failures: counterproductive outsourcing of security to foreign powers, abandonment of peripheral areas creating vacuums exploited by armed groups, and underestimation of cross-border contagion. Beyond a purely military approach, he advocates for a comprehensive human security strategy combining massive inclusive investments (PUMA), strengthening endogenous community mediation, religious counter-narratives, and social intelligence. Faced with the current impotence of ECOWAS and the paradoxes of the AES's sovereignist narrative, which has failed to stem the security crisis, he proposes a hybrid and preventive regional strategy, from ad hoc task forces to parallel diplomacy led by religious leaders and respected figures, in order to restore a ‘continuum of regional resilience’ before the collapse of one neighbour becomes contagious. This is an uncompromising interview that presents the collective survival of West Africa as an absolute emergency.

In light of the history of jihadist movements in the region, what lessons should West African elites, particularly those in Senegal, learn from historical precedents to prevent Senegal from becoming exposed to the same vulnerabilities in the face of the advance of jihadist groups in Mali?

Just as we need to strengthen border security and combat territorial marginalisation, we must also prevent the effects of non-inclusive governance from creating social boundaries on the outskirts of our urban areas, thereby exacerbating socio-economic vulnerabilities. This is the whole point of the human security approach, which makes the issues as important in Sinthiou Djaliguel as they are in Yeumbeul. As for the history of jihadist movements in the Sahel, from their emergence in 2012 to the current process of endogenisation of the JNIM (combatants mainly from Mali and West Africa, locally anchored through agreements with community networks), it teaches us worrying lessons that West African elites seem to be ignoring at their peril. The first lesson is that despite the relevance of cooperation, effectively outsourcing security to foreign powers is not only ineffective in the long term, but counterproductive, multiplying grievances and even groups rather than eradicating them. Mali is a prime example of this – calling on France in 2013 (Serval/Barkhane), then breaking with Russia (Wagner/Africa Corps) – without ever restoring stability, while encouraging the emergence of self-defence groups such as the Ganda K. A second lesson is that the abandonment and marginalisation of the peripheries by the central state always creates a vacuum exploited by jihadists or other criminal actors to establish themselves through ‘soft tactics’ – local recruitment, presentation as an alternative to a state that fails to provide basic services (security, justice). The precedents of Farabougou, Mali, taken in August 2025 with the imposition of zakat, the banning of music, etc., show how JNIM is gaining support by discrediting the current transitional regime. For Senegal, this requires preventive reinforcement of the eastern border areas (similar to Kayes). As President Bassirou Diomaye Faye has emphasised, this should be done through the PUMA programme, with inclusive and massive investment, the promotion of local endogenous mediation mechanisms to combat social divisions (conflicts between farmers and herders, slavery by descent), and countering extremist religious discourse in an area through which preachers from across the region pass. The third lesson is that ignoring cross-border dynamics and the logic of continuums naturally accelerates contagion in the immediate neighbourhood. The expansion of Katiba Macina towards western and southern Mali poses a risk to the whole of Senegambia. Dakar should further integrate social intelligence, politically responsible preventive initiatives, and cooperation with Bamako on economic corridors and beyond, while mitigating the risks of becoming trapped in a fight against terrorism that sometimes conceals complex inter-community tensions.

ECOWAS is going through an internal crisis but could play a decisive role. How could this organisation intervene effectively in the Malian crisis despite its fragility, and what type of regional strategy would be most appropriate in your opinion?

ECOWAS has come a long way. And I continue to believe that the accusations of inaction often levelled against it should be put into perspective, given that for more than a decade, the region's international partners had relegated it to the background and stripped it of its security mandate in favour of the G5 Sahel, which itself did not receive enough support to function and achieve its strategic objectives. Meanwhile, the regional security architecture was faltering, creating an imbalance that the sub-regional organisation had to endure. Despite its internal crisis – withdrawal of countries from the Alliance of Sahel States, failed sanctions, rivalries between certain member countries – ECOWAS has institutional legitimacy and tools that have so far been underused for effective and non-invasive intervention. Today, it will be necessary to circumvent political deadlocks through an ad hoc, neutral task force, co-chaired, if necessary, by countries such as Senegal, given its historical and cultural ties with Mali, Ghana, which could have the ear of the current AES regimes, and Togo. An AES area that has become a zone of insecurity and instability at the heart of the region will leave none of our countries unscathed. It will also be necessary to promote bilateral initiatives that can work. Despite their reservations, Benin and Niger are now forced to cooperate in the areas of intelligence sharing and securing vital corridors. This is precisely the case for Senegal and Mali, for whom securing the Bamako-Dakar corridor is a vital economic necessity. International partners should support such initiatives. Regardless of the strained diplomatic relations between certain countries in the region, a regional strategy that is both hybrid and preventive is now essential. This is where cooperation is essential, if only for targeted sanctions on jihadist financial flows (ransoms, illicit gold from mines) to dry up JNIM's resources, but also for the establishment of a regional fund for the inclusive development of Mali's peripheries and border areas. Any strategy that aims to be effective should move away from an exclusively military approach and incorporate community/economic components, prioritising regional stability over national egos. International cooperation, if only for the efficient sharing of intelligence, the fight against terrorist financing and illicit financial flows, remains a collective security imperative.

For a long time, the jihadist issue has been approached primarily from a military perspective. Why is this approach now insufficient, and what aspects (community, political, economic, religious) should be included in a new comprehensive approach?

As a necessity, military action can certainly contribute to the destruction of terrorist targets, but these targets will inevitably regenerate if the structural causes that gave rise to them have not been eliminated. The military-only approach is therefore insufficient because it treats jihadism as a purely kinetic threat, ignoring its deep endogenous roots and community ties: JNIM fighters are now Malian and West African, rooted in the group's ranks through the exploitation of local grievances, as analysed in our latest reports on the group's activities in western Mali. However, even tactical victories sometimes fuel recruitment without eradicating the cause, turning each operation into propaganda for the ostracism of certain communities. This is why a comprehensive approach must be prioritised, one that integrates community aspects – strengthening endogenous mediation – village chiefs, neutral families in Kayes – to heal divisions such as the effects of slavery by descent and conflicts between farmers and herders, which are constantly exploited by JNIM. Political action must not be left behind either, through inclusive dialogue with local actors to restore state legitimacy, avoiding foreign subcontracting without neglecting economic aspects through inclusive investment in mines (gold/lithium), redistributing profits to counter victim narratives. Without this, regardless of its intensity, military action would remain a temporary band-aid on a structural haemorrhage. Despite efforts to secure the borders, our armies must also accept that the war against JNIM will not be conventional; it will be latent and asymmetrical and will require social intelligence adapted to the nature of the threat and anticipation as part of a proactive prevention strategy that breaks with the naivety of a “naturally” resilient Senegal in order to project itself into a continuous future that does not neglect any aspect of a multidimensional jihadist phenomenon. Even if endogenous resilience seems to be a given, it must be consolidated because it is naturally and constantly tested by developments in the regional and international situation.

The AES promotes a sovereignist narrative but is struggling to contain the advance of jihadists. How have the recent strategic choices made by the military regimes in Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger contributed to worsening or easing the security situation? How much room for manoeuvre do they have left?

The AES's sovereignist narrative is full of paradoxes. While it advocates a break with the West, it also recommends alliances with Russia and even Turkey, two countries that also have their own strategic interests and are currently facing accusations of economic predation from the populations we interviewed in recent studies. The difficulty for France in the Sahel was having to constantly manage both the emergency and history at the same time, but also to bring about a paradigm shift that was long overdue. It seems to be learning its lessons. However, this AES narrative, sometimes fuelled by a certain populism, has exacerbated the situation by prioritising the perpetuation of anti-imperialist rhetoric over real security effectiveness. Sovereignty has unfortunately become a term, a slogan that pays little attention to the conditions that make it possible. Today, in the AES countries, the result is clear: the three countries of the Central Sahel (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger) alone account for 50% of terrorism-related deaths on the continent, and few of them effectively control more than 50% of their territory, according to the most optimistic estimates. The mercenaries of Africa Corps, heirs to Wagner's methods, have failed to protect economic sites in Kayes or elsewhere (attacks on Chinese facilities in 2025), exposing the failure of security promises in the aftermath of coups, gradually delegitimising regimes and accelerating the economic suffocation practised by JNIM. In Burkina Faso and Niger, we seem to be witnessing similar dispersals, multiplying fronts without strategic gains. Room for manoeuvre is shrinking as the security stranglehold tightens. Today, we are seeing pragmatic choices, with little accountability, towards local negotiations with jihadists, with community agreements on ‘zakat’ to defuse grievances. That is why regional solidarity should not be hampered by diplomatic whims that will be short-lived in the long term. Without this, internal collapse will be inevitable and its domino effect will be devastating for the entire region. Even if negotiation is not an option to be ruled out, it will now come too late, with the balance of power unfavourable to the States.

Internal political divisions in the sub-region weaken the capacity to respond. What types of consultation, confidence-building or parallel diplomacy mechanisms could be put in place to overcome these rivalries and develop a credible collective response? 

To overcome the antagonisms between AES and ECOWAS, various mechanisms should be used: parallel diplomacy, necessarily non-institutional, via African figures who are widely respected and influential in what are now two political spheres. However, the role of cross-border religious leaders in confidential dialogues supported by trusted platforms should not be overlooked, nor should inclusive economic pilot projects in peripheral and cross-border areas. The Timbuktu Institute facilitated a regional seminar initiated at the time by UNOWAS – which remains a consensual framework – bringing together religious and traditional leaders from across the Sahel and West Africa in Dakar. These initiatives must be revitalised, taking into account the dynamics and constraints. This is an urgent matter, as called for by the former Special Adviser to the United Nations Secretary-General, Adama Dieng, who now serves as the African Union's Special Envoy for the Prevention of Genocide and is monitoring the risk of atrocities in the region if nothing is done. We cannot continue to allow West African divisions (AES vs ECOWAS, national rivalries) to further fragment the regional security architecture, intelligence and vital economic corridors, enabling JNIM to exploit blockades and extend its tentacles. For a credible and sustainable response, it is now necessary, as called for by the Timbuktu Institute, to deploy a ‘continuum of regional resilience’ in the hope that these mechanisms can generate mutual gains (security of corridors, enhanced legitimacy of states and governance); This could dry up JNIM's sources of funding and recruitment, and preserve regional peace and stability. But all this requires a clear political choice on the part of West African leaders and a conciliatory stance, if only for the sake of regional survival.

 

 

Par Thierno Souleymane Ndiaye

Le Caire est en effervescence alors qu’il célèbre l'une de ses soirées les plus marquantes : la remise du prestigieux prix d’engagement humanitaire, une distinction qui salue le travail exceptionnel de personnalités ayant contribué à l’avancement des droits de l'homme et à la promotion de la paix et de la justice en Afrique et au-delà. Cette année, le Sénégal est particulièrement à l’honneur grâce à Adama Dieng, un homme dont la carrière exemplaire illustre la capacité du Sénégal à réaliser des avancées significatives en matière de multilatéralisme.

Les témoignages des personnalités prenant part à cet évènement ont salué l’action  d’Adama Dieng, ancien conseiller spécial du Secrétaire général des Nations Unies, qui « a consacré sa vie à la lutte pour les droits humains et à la justice internationale. Sa carrière s'est ouverte dans les années 90, alors qu'il était déjà engagé dans des instances internationales, contribuant à façonner des politiques en faveur de la paix durable et de la justice ».

Son parcours exceptionnel de ce Sénégalais lui a valu, d’après un diplomate onusien une « reconnaissance internationale, faisant de lui l'un des champions des droits de l'homme sur le continent africain ». Dieng s'est distingué par sa capacité à « faire bouger les lignes » dans le domaine du multilatéralisme, rappelle-t-il. « Berçant ses idéaux dans les effluves du panafricanisme, Adama a non seulement saisi l'importance de cette idéologie, mais a également compris ses subtilités pour contribuer à son inscription dans l’agenda prioritaire de la gouvernance globale », rappelle-t-il. Reconnu comme l’un des Africains les plus influents dans le développement progressif du droit à l’intégration africaine, il est un acteur clé dans les domaines de la gouvernance, de la lutte contre la corruption, des droits de l’homme, de la paix et de la sécurité. Ses positions stratégiques font de lui non seulement l’un des héritiers et perpétuateurs de l’œuvre de Keba Mbaye, mais aussi un interlocuteur discret des chefs d’États et des décideurs du globe.

En ces moments troubles de l’évolution du Sénégal, Adama nous rappelle le drapeau qui nous unit et le rang de notre pays dans le concert des Nations et la gouvernance mondiale. Son discours et son engagement résonnent avec une force particulière, invitant chacun à méditer et à célébrer notre nation afin de dépasser la polarisation clivante qui mine notre société. Cette réflexion est d'une importance primordiale, surtout face aux menaces extrêmes qui guettent notre pays, compte tenu des défis socio-économiques en cours. La contribution d’Adama Dieng à la cause de l’humanité s’inscrit dans la lignée des personnalités qui ont précédemment reçu cette distinction au Caire. Parmi eux, des figures telles que le Professeur Fouad Abdel-Moneim Riad, ancien juge au Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie, et Lakhdar Brahimi, ancien ministre des Affaires étrangères d'Algérie, illustrent également cet engagement sans faille au service de la justice.

Infatigable, Adama Dieng assume en ce moment les fonctions d'Envoyé spécial de l'Union Africaine pour la prévention du génocide, un rôle qu’il exerce avec succès. À l'ONU, en tant que Sous-secrétaire général, il a laissé, parmi de nombreux héritages, le premier cadre référentiel d'analyse et de prévention des crimes atroces, un outil essentiel pour combattre l'impunité.

Le parcours d’Adama Dieng à la Commission internationale des juristes, puis comme greffier du Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda (TPIR), fait de lui l'un des experts les plus éminents en justice transitionnelle sur le continent. Ses conseils peuvent encore aider le Sénégal à explorer un processus spécifique qui lie la quête de justice à la réconciliation nationale. Diplomate discret, Adama n’a jamais raté l'occasion de servir les intérêts de son pays, y compris dans les efforts pour trouver une solution politique aux troubles récents qui ont mené à la troisième alternance démocratique.

Sa détermination et son engagement pour promouvoir le dialogue inter religieux illustrent sa capacité à rassembler les leaders religieux autour de la paix et de la sécurité. La célébration d’Adama Dieng à la cérémonie du Caire est un moment mémorable pour le Sénégal et pour l’Afrique. C’est un témoignage puissant de l'importance de l'engagement et de la détermination. Son travail acharné continue d'inspirer des milliers de personnes à œuvrer pour un monde plus juste, et la reconnaissance qu’il reçoit aujourd'hui en est la preuve indiscutable. Dans des temps où les défis humanitaires persistent, des leaders comme Adama Dieng nous rappellent que l’espoir et le changement sont possibles grâce à des actions collectives et à un engagement inébranlable pour la justice. En honorant des personnalités comme lui, nous célébrons non seulement leur parcours, mais aussi les valeurs qui nous unissent et que nous devons continuer à défendre pour un Sénégal uni et prospère.

Par Thierno Souleymane Ndiaye 

Le Caire est en effervescence alors qu’il célèbre l'une de ses soirées les plus marquantes : la remise du prestigieux prix d’engagement humanitaire, une distinction qui salue le travail exceptionnel de personnalités ayant contribué à l’avancement des droits de l'homme et à la promotion de la paix et de la justice en Afrique et au-delà. Cette année, le Sénégal est particulièrement à l’honneur grâce à Adama Dieng, un homme dont la carrière exemplaire illustre la capacité du Sénégal à réaliser des avancées significatives en matière de multilatéralisme.

Les témoignages des personnalités prenant part à cet évènement ont salué l’action  d’Adama Dieng, ancien conseiller spécial du Secrétaire général des Nations Unies, qui « a consacré sa vie à la lutte pour les droits humains et à la justice internationale. Sa carrière s'est ouverte dans les années 90, alors qu'il était déjà engagé dans des instances internationales, contribuant à façonner des politiques en faveur de la paix durable et de la justice ».

Son parcours exceptionnel de ce Sénégalais lui a valu, d’après un diplomate onusien une « reconnaissance internationale, faisant de lui l'un des champions des droits de l'homme sur le continent africain ». Dieng s'est distingué par sa capacité à « faire bouger les lignes » dans le domaine du multilatéralisme, rappelle-t-il. « Berçant ses idéaux dans les effluves du panafricanisme, Adama a non seulement saisi l'importance de cette idéologie, mais a également compris ses subtilités pour contribuer à son inscription dans l’agenda prioritaire de la gouvernance globale », rappelle-t-il. Reconnu comme l’un des Africains les plus influents dans le développement progressif du droit à l’intégration africaine, il est un acteur clé dans les domaines de la gouvernance, de la lutte contre la corruption, des droits de l’homme, de la paix et de la sécurité. Ses positions stratégiques font de lui non seulement l’un des héritiers et perpétuateurs de l’œuvre de Keba Mbaye, mais aussi un interlocuteur discret des chefs d’États et des décideurs du globe.

En ces moments troubles de l’évolution du Sénégal, Adama nous rappelle le drapeau qui nous unit et le rang de notre pays dans le concert des Nations et la gouvernance mondiale. Son discours et son engagement résonnent avec une force particulière, invitant chacun à méditer et à célébrer notre nation afin de dépasser la polarisation clivante qui mine notre société. Cette réflexion est d'une importance primordiale, surtout face aux menaces extrêmes qui guettent notre pays, compte tenu des défis socio-économiques en cours. La contribution d’Adama Dieng à la cause de l’humanité s’inscrit dans la lignée des personnalités qui ont précédemment reçu cette distinction au Caire. Parmi eux, des figures telles que le Professeur Fouad Abdel-Moneim Riad, ancien juge au Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie, et Lakhdar Brahimi, ancien ministre des Affaires étrangères d'Algérie, illustrent également cet engagement sans faille au service de la justice.

Infatigable, Adama Dieng assume en ce moment les fonctions d'Envoyé spécial de l'Union Africaine pour la prévention du génocide, un rôle qu’il exerce avec succès. À l'ONU, en tant que Sous-secrétaire général, il a laissé, parmi de nombreux héritages, le premier cadre référentiel d'analyse et de prévention des crimes atroces, un outil essentiel pour combattre l'impunité.

Le parcours d’Adama Dieng à la Commission internationale des juristes, puis comme greffier du Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda (TPIR), fait de lui l'un des experts les plus éminents en justice transitionnelle sur le continent. Ses conseils peuvent encore aider le Sénégal à explorer un processus spécifique qui lie la quête de justice à la réconciliation nationale. Diplomate discret, Adama n’a jamais raté l'occasion de servir les intérêts de son pays, y compris dans les efforts pour trouver une solution politique aux troubles récents qui ont mené à la troisième alternance démocratique.

Sa détermination et son engagement pour promouvoir le dialogue inter religieux illustrent sa capacité à rassembler les leaders religieux autour de la paix et de la sécurité. La célébration d’Adama Dieng à la cérémonie du Caire est un moment mémorable pour le Sénégal et pour l’Afrique. C’est un témoignage puissant de l'importance de l'engagement et de la détermination. Son travail acharné continue d'inspirer des milliers de personnes à œuvrer pour un monde plus juste, et la reconnaissance qu’il reçoit aujourd'hui en est la preuve indiscutable. Dans des temps où les défis humanitaires persistent, des leaders comme Adama Dieng nous rappellent que l’espoir et le changement sont possibles grâce à des actions collectives et à un engagement inébranlable pour la justice. En honorant des personnalités comme lui, nous célébrons non seulement leur parcours, mais aussi les valeurs qui nous unissent et que nous devons continuer à défendre pour un Sénégal uni et prospère.

Cette rencontre participative, du 11 novembre 2025, organisée, en ligne, par le Timbuktu Institute, vise à anticiper les risques de contagion régionale et à co-construire des réponses coordonnées, seules à même de préserver la paix et la stabilité au Sahel et en Afrique de l’Ouest. L’enjeu n’est plus seulement malien : il est sous-régional, et il est temps d’anticiper et d’envisager des solutions face une menace d’une telle ampleur sur la paix, la sécurité et la stabilité des pays du Sahel et de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. 

Les récentes offensives menées par le JNIM (Jama’at Nusrat al-Islâm wal Muslimîn) dans le centre, le nord et l’Ouest du Mali ont révélé une capacité accrue du groupe à conquérir et à contrôler des territoires de plus en plus vastes. Ces avancées militaires ne se limitent pas à des gains tactiques : elles s’inscrivent dans une stratégie globale où le « jihad économique » joue un rôle central. En imposant des taxes illicites sur les commerçants, en détournant les ressources minières et agricoles, et en sabotant les infrastructures vitales, le JNIM asphyxie l’économie malienne et risque de créer un effet domino qui menacerait la stabilité des pays voisins.

Face à cette double menace sécuritaire et économique, le Timbuktu Institute, think tank africain spécialisé dans les questions de paix et de sécurité au Sahel, appelle à une mobilisation urgente des expertises régionales. Il organise un débat interactif qui permettra un échange direct avec des experts issus de la région. Ces analystes, dotés de diverses perspectives analytiques forgées par plus de vingt ans d’expérience de terrain, ont suivi sur le long terme l’évolution de la situation sociopolitique et sécuritaire au Sahel. Leurs témoignages et analyses, ancrés dans une profonde connaissance des dynamiques locales, ethnoculturelles, économiques et jihadistes, enrichiront la compréhension du « projet » stratégique du JNIM : ses objectifs à long terme, ses modes de financement, ses alliances transfrontalières et ses impacts à moyen et long termes sur l’évolution sociétés sahéliennes au-delà de l’actualité brûlante et des menaces immédiates.

 

S'incrire sur ce lien : https://us06web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_FXCKOTZBSCe74pxykr16Jg#/registration

Le Campus de l’UM6P à Laâyoune accueilli aujourd’hui le Symposium du 60ᵉ anniversaire de la Convention d’Établissement Maroc–Sénégal. Organisé par L’UM6P et le Timbuktu Institute, cet événement a réuni plus de 200 participants des deux pays, entre chercheurs, décideurs publics et représentants institutionnels, s’inscrivant ainsi dans une double commémoration : celle d’un accord fondateur ratifié en 1965 entre le Maroc et le Sénégal, et celle du cinquantenaire de la Marche Verte, deux jalons qui rappellent la cohérence d’un destin partagé entre vision et solidarité panafricaine.

 

Les travaux, articulés autour de trois panels thématiques, ont permis d’examiner successivement les trajectoires historiques de la coopération maroco-sénégalaise, les nouveaux enjeux de la recherche stratégique et de la mobilité universitaire, ainsi que les perspectives offertes par l’entrepreneuriat et la souveraineté alimentaire. Ces discussions ont mis en lumière la maturité d’un partenariat qui, au-delà des affinités politiques, s’affirme aujourd’hui comme un espace de production de connaissance et d’innovation à vocation continentale.

Les échanges ont abouti à l’adoption de la Déclaration de Laâyoune, un texte d’orientation qui propose de faire de la relation maroco-sénégalaise un laboratoire de la coopération panafricaine fondée sur le savoir, l’innovation et la responsabilité partagée. La Déclaration appelle à renforcer les programmes conjoints de recherche, à structurer les échanges universitaires et à créer des espaces de travail commun sur la sécurité alimentaire et le développement durable.

Au-delà de son contenu programmatique, la Déclaration de Laâyoune réaffirme le rôle des provinces du Sud du Maroc comme espace de convergence entre le Maghreb et l’Afrique subsaharienne, où s’invente une nouvelle grammaire du développement africain fondée sur la connaissance, la durabilité et la souveraineté technologique. En choisissant Laâyoune pour ancrer cette vision, les deux partenaires affirment la place croissante de cette région dans les dynamiques de coopération Sud–Sud et dans la reconfiguration des relations intellectuelles africaines.

« Le Maroc et le Sénégal partagent une histoire diplomatique, mais surtout une ambition continentale qui est celle de redonner sens au développement endogène, à l’économie du savoir et à la dignité productive des sociétés africaines. L’esprit de cette journée est précisément celui-là : renouer avec l’héritage des pionniers pour en dégager une énergie nouvelle pour bâtir l’avenir », souligne Khalid Baddou, Directeur des Affaires Institutionnelles de l’UM6P.

« Cette célébration n’est pas seulement un hommage au passé. Elle consacre une vision d’avenir, celle d’une Afrique qui pense, agit et produit à partir de ses propres savoirs et de ses propres modèles, » affirme Bakary Sambe, Président du Timbuktu Institute – African Center for Peace Studies.

En clôturant les travaux, les participants ont souligné que l’avenir du partenariat maroco- sénégalais réside dans sa capacité à produire du sens autant que du savoir : un modèle de coopération enraciné dans l’histoire, mais résolument tourné vers la construction d’une Afrique capable de penser son propre développement.

 

Source : Chantier du Maroc

 

د. بكاري سامب ، رئيس ومؤسس معهد تمبكتو - المركز الأفريقي لدراسات  السلام  

Du 9 au 2025, les événements se dérouleront comme prévu. مناقشات لوقف إطلاق النار. أسفرت الغارة عن مقتل خمسة من أعضاء الحركة، بمن فيهم ابن مفاوض بارز، وضابط أمن قطري، إلى جانب إصابات مدنية. هذا الفعل، الذي يمس سيادة دولة عربية وإسلامية، يثير قلقاً عميقاً بشأن احترام القانون الدولي ويهدد الاستقرار الإقليمي.

إن دولة قطر , كرمز للسلام والحور، أثبتت نفسها كوسيط دولي موثوق. فقد نجحت في التوسط لإبرام اتفاقيات وقف إطلاق النار في غزة مرتين، الأولى عام 2023 والثانية في 2025, بالتعاون مع مصر والولايات المتحدة، مما خفف معاناة الفلسطينيين وساهم في إنقاذ آلاف الأرواح. كما قادت قطر وساطات ناجحة خارج المنطقة، مثل التوسط بين الولايات المتحدة وطالبان في أفغانستان، مما أدى إلى توقيع اتفاق الدوحة عام 2020, الذي مهد لانسحاب القوات الأمريكية. وفي السودان، دعمت قطر مفاوضات السلام بين الحكومة والجماعات المسلحة، مقدمة مساعدات إنسانية كبيرة للمتضررين من النزاعات في اليمن وسوريا. على الصعيد العالمي، استضافت قطر مؤتمرات للحوار بين الأديان، مثل منتدى الدوحة للحوار بين الأديان، الذي يجمع قادة دينيين من مختلف أنحاء العالم لتعزيز التفاهم المتبادل. إضافة إلى ذلك، قامت قطر ريادي في دعم مبادرات التعليم العالمي من خلال مؤسسة قطر، التي تدعم مشاريع تعليمية في مناطق النزاع، ومبادرة "التعليم فوق الجميع" التي تسعى لتوفير التعليم للأطفال في المناطق المنكوبة.

 

هذه الأمثلة تؤكد التزام قطر بتعزيز السلام، مما يجعل الهجوم الإسرائيلي على أراضيها تهديداً مباشراً لجهود الوساطة الدولية. استهداف حي سكني في عاصمة دولة ذات سيادة يعيق مساعي الحوار ويزيد من تعقيد الوضع الإقليمي. نعرب عن استنكارنا لهذا الهجوم، الذي وصفته قطر بالإرهاب الرسمي، ونراه تحدياً لمبادئ السلام والتعاون الدولي.

Il s'est déroulé le 15 janvier 2025 le 15 janvier 2025. تميم بن حمد آل ثاني، عكست تضامناً قوياً مع قطر. شارك قادة من جامعة الدول العربية ومنظمة التعاون الإسلامي، وأصدرت القمة بياناً ختامياً استنكر الهجوم ودعا إلى وقف فوري لإطلاق النار Il s'agit d'une histoire de 1967 dans la ville. كما أكد الأمين العام لمنظمة التعاون الإسلامي، حسين براهم طاه، على أهمية وحدة المواقف العربية والإسلامية، وحث المجتمع الدولي على تعزيز السلام ومحاسبة المسؤولين عن التصعيد.

التضامن الإسلامي والدولي مع قطر واجب أخلاقي. دول مثل باكستان وألمانيا أعربت عن قلقها إزاء الهجوم، مما يبرز الحاجة إلى موقف دولي موحد لدعم الاستقرار. قطر، بتاريخها الحافل في بناء الجسور بين الأطراف المتصارعة، ستبقى رمزاً للسلام. يتعين علينا دعمها لتعزيز الحوار والعدالة، لبناء مستقبل يسوده التعاون والاستقرار، بعيداً عن التصعيد والعنف.

Against a backdrop of growing insecurity in the Sahel and Africa, the Timbuktu Institute has published two recent reports analysing the dynamics of conflict and its cross-border repercussions. Following the first, entitled ‘The JNIM threat in the border areas of Mali, Mauritania and Senegal’ (April 2025), the Institute has published ‘JNIM in Kayes: Economic Fragmentation and Cross-Border Threat’ (September 2025), which highlights the strategic offensive of Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) in the Kayes region, a key economic and migration hub in Mali. This latest report deciphers how JNIM exploits social divisions and targets vital infrastructure to stifle the Malian economy and explores the strategies of armed groups across the Sahel to destabilise states through attempts at economic blockades and the exploitation of community tensions. This interview with Dr. Bakary Sambe, President of the Timbuktu Institute, conducted by Senego, examines the implications of this offensive. How do the economic and security disruptions in Kayes threaten Senegal and Mauritania? What risks of regional contagion emerge from porous borders and cross-border community tensions? What strategies should be adopted to counter this growing threat?

Dr Sambe, thank you for granting us this first interview. The Timbuktu Institute recently published a note on the JNIM offensive in the Kayes region. Can you explain why this region has become a strategic target for this terrorist group ?

Dr Bakary Sambe : Thank you for the opportunity to discuss this. As detailed in our September 2025 report, Kayes is an economic and strategic hub for Mali, contributing significantly to the national GDP, particularly through its gold production, which accounts for around 80% of Mali's gold. Its geographical position in the far west, bordered by Senegal, Mauritania and Guinea, makes it a key commercial and migratory crossroads. For example, National Route 1 (RN1), connecting Bamako to Dakar via Kayes and Diboli, facilitates 30% of Mali's land imports, or 2.7 million tonnes of goods per year, including fuel and cereals. JNIM targets Kayes to disrupt these vital flows, as evidenced by the coordinated attacks on 1 July 2025 against five military positions in Kayes and Diboli, aimed at economically suffocating Bamako. Our second report on this area, which we monitor continuously, highlights that this strategy is part of a broader strategy of regional destabilisation, exploiting social tensions and attacking vital infrastructure as well as foreign interests and investments in order to extend its influence.

The JNIM appears to be waging an ‘economic jihad’ by targeting logistics routes such as the RN1. What are the concrete consequences of this strategy for Mali ?

Dr. Bakary Sambe : Our reports highlight a deliberate strategy by the JNIM to paralyse the Malian economy by targeting vital logistics routes, as I have explained. For example, the sabotage of the RN1 on 31 August 2025, where construction equipment belonging to the Chinese company COVEC was set on fire, disrupted the rehabilitation of this essential road, limiting cross-border trade. Similarly, the attacks on 1 July 2025 in Diboli, 1.3 km from the Senegalese border, targeted security infrastructure, temporarily paralysing traffic. These actions have led to increased food insecurity, affecting 1.52 million people in Ménaka and elsewhere, and a rise in the prices of essential goods. The blockade – real or imagined – announced on 3 September 2025, prohibiting the transport of fuel from Senegal, Mauritania, Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea, is exacerbating this crisis. As our second report indicates, by forcing dependence on secondary roads often under insurgent control, JNIM is strengthening its financial grip through taxes on informal networks, further weakening the Malian state by seeking above all to delegitimise the authorities with the persistence of insecurity.

You mention in your note attacks against foreign economic interests, particularly Chinese ones. What is the JNIM's objective behind these actions ?

Dr. Bakary Sambe : The first report highlights that the JNIM targets foreign economic interests to undermine the Malian state's finances and discourage investment. In July-August 2025, the group attacked seven foreign industrial sites in Kayes, including the Diamond Cement Factory, where three Indians were kidnapped. These raids target key sectors such as the gold mines in Bafoulabé, along the RN22, a vital logistics corridor. By disrupting these activities, JNIM aims to deprive Bamako of essential revenue, as Kayes accounts for 80% of Mali's gold production. These attacks also target partners such as China, which invested £2.5 billion in Mali between 2000 and 2020, according to the American Enterprise Institute. Our second report notes that this strategy aims to undermine the legitimacy of the Malian government, accused of failing to secure its partners, isolating Bamako on the international stage while financing JNIM operations through extortion and control of illicit markets, such as gold and livestock. Despite debates within Katiba Macina, the growing interest of terrorist leader Abu Leith Al-Lîby, known to be one of the leading experts in hostage-taking, is worrying the state and economic actors investing in the area.

JNIM is imposing blockades, such as in Kayes and Nioro-du-Sahel. How could this affect cross-border trade with Senegal ?

Dr Bakary Sambe : Our analyses show that the blockade announced on 3 September 2025 by Abu Houzeifa Al-Bambari, targeting Kayes and Nioro-du-Sahel, is severely disrupting the Bamako-Dakar corridor, which facilitates 70% of Malian imports via the port of Dakar. The ban on fuel transport and the suspension of Diarra Transport's activities, for example, illustrated by the burning of a bus near Karangana on 5 September and three tanker trucks on the Bamako-Kayes road on 5-6 September, have reduced cross-border trade. The Union of Road Transporters of Senegal (UTRS) has reportedly announced the possible suspension of its routes as of 2 July 2025 in response to these threats, increasing the cost of transport and essential goods in Senegal. As already indicated in our first report last April, these disruptions threaten Malian exports, such as gold, livestock and timber, transiting through Dakar, and strengthen the informal networks controlled by JNIM, affecting the Senegalese economy.

The report also mentions the risks of regional contagion, particularly for Senegal and Mauritania. What are the main short-term dangers ?

Dr. Bakary Sambe : Both of our reports highlight porous borders as a major risk factor. In Senegal, incidents near Diboli and Melgué, such as the attacks on 1 July 2025, show a risk of JNIM infiltration into the east of the country. The pressure on Nioro-du-Sahel, where the influential Mauritanian figure Chérif Bouyé Haïdara resides, could exacerbate community tensions, particularly in the Hodhs and Assaba regions. For example, sensing this pressure, Mauritanian internet users have even gone so far as to call for military intervention to protect the Sharif, illustrating the cross-border sensitivity of the issue. The second report warns against trade disruption, such as the blockade of Kayes, which encourages illicit trafficking and smuggling, strengthening criminal networks. Without regional cooperation, these dynamics risk spreading insecurity, putting pressure on Senegal's security capabilities, already mobilised by the deployment of the Garsi in Goudiri.

You refer to this frequently in the report. How does JNIM exploit social tensions in Kayes, such as conflicts related to descent-based slavery, to establish its influence ?

Dr. Bakary Sambe : Our first report detailed how JNIM exploits social divisions in Kayes, particularly conflicts related to descent-based slavery in municipalities such as Oussoubidiagna, where tensions between the ‘lambé’ (considered noble) and the Collectif des Sans-Papiers (Collective of Undocumented Migrants) have created grievances that have been exploited elsewhere. These conflicts, sometimes marked by clashes and land expropriations, are amplified by the circulation of weapons and modern influences via social media and certain diasporas, revolted by still conservative positions. The JNIM would use these divisions to perhaps facilitate local recruitment in the future, although this is limited by the economic resilience guaranteed by migration-related income. However, our second report notes that this strategy is part of a regional logic of exploiting tensions, as in Farabougou, where, after its capture in August 2025, JNIM imposed zakat and strict rules, positioning itself as an alternative authority to gradually weaken community cohesion.

What solutions do you propose to counter this JNIM offensive and limit its regional repercussions ?

Dr. Bakary Sambe : Our reports emphasise the need for enhanced regional cooperation between Mali, Senegal and Mauritania, going beyond a strictly security-based approach and focusing also on intelligence sharing and securing corridors such as the RN1. For example, the deployment of Garsi in the Goudiri area and its surroundings must be accompanied by better social intelligence to integrate local socio-cultural dynamics. In Kayes, endogenous mediation mechanisms, such as those led by village chiefs, neutral families and young community volunteers, need to be strengthened. Despite their effectiveness, these mechanisms are compromised by a certain degree of polarisation, as noted in our first report. Our various studies recommend proactive preventive strategies that address socio-religious and economic grievances in order to counter the JNIM's exploitation of social divisions. Without these measures and cross-border cooperation, growing insecurity, illustrated by the announced takeover of Farabougou or the blockade of Kayes challenged by the authorities, risks isolating Bamako and destabilising the West African sub-region, particularly neighbouring countries. Senegal and its partners should also consider how to further strengthen resilience beyond strictly security-related measures, as we are not dealing with a conventional war but with the complexity of an asymmetric threat.

 

 

Dans un contexte d’insécurité croissante au Sahel et en Afrique, le Timbuktu Institute a publié deux rapports récents analysant les dynamiques conflictuelles et leurs répercussions transfrontalières. Après le premier, intitulé : « La menace du JNIM dans les zones frontalières du Mali, de la Mauritanie et du Sénégal », (Avril 2025), l’Institut publie « Le JNIM à Kayes : Fragilisation économique et menace transfrontalière » (septembre 2025), met en lumière l’offensive stratégique du Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) dans la région de Kayes, un hub économique et migratoire clé au Mali. Ce dernier rapport décrypte comment le JNIM exploite les fractures sociales et cible les infrastructures vitales pour asphyxier l’économie malienne et explore les stratégies des groupes armés à l’échelle sahélienne pour déstabiliser les États via des tentatives de blocus économiques et l’exploitation des tensions communautaires. Cette interview avec Dr. Bakary Sambe, Président du Timbuktu Institute interrogé par Senego, interroge les implications de cette offensive. Comment les perturbations économiques et sécuritaires à Kayes menacent-elles le Sénégal et la Mauritanie ? Quels risques de contagion régionale émergent de la porosité des frontières et des tensions communautaires transfrontalières ? Quelles stratégies adopter pour contrer cette menace grandissante ?

Dr. Sambe, merci de nous réserver ce premier entretien. Le Timbuktu Institute a récemment publié une note sur l’offensive du JNIM dans la région de Kayes. Pouvez-vous nous expliquer pourquoi cette région est devenue une cible stratégique pour ce groupe terroriste ?

Dr. Bakary Sambe : Merci pour l’opportunité d’échanges. Comme détaillé dans notre rapport de septembre 2025, Kayes est un hub économique et stratégique pour le Mali, contribuant de manière significative au PIB national, notamment grâce à sa production aurifère, qui représente environ 80 % de l’or malien. Sa position géographique à l’extrême ouest, bordée par le Sénégal, la Mauritanie et la Guinée, en fait un carrefour commercial et migratoire clé. Par exemple, la Route Nationale 1 (RN1), reliant Bamako à Dakar via Kayes et Diboli, facilite 30 % des importations terrestres du Mali, soit 2,7 millions de tonnes de marchandises par an, incluant carburant et céréales. Le JNIM cible Kayes pour perturber ces flux vitaux, comme en témoignent les attaques coordonnées du 1er juillet 2025 contre cinq positions militaires à Kayes et Diboli, visant à asphyxier économiquement Bamako. Notre second rapport consacrée à cette zone où nous menons une veille continue, souligne que cette stratégie s’inscrit dans une logique plus large de déstabilisation régionale, exploitant les tensions sociales et s’attaquant aux infrastructures vitales en même temps que les intérêts et investissements étrangers, pour étendre son influence.

 Le JNIM semble mener un « jihad économique » en ciblant les axes logistiques comme la RN1. Quelles sont les conséquences concrètes de cette stratégie pour le Mali ?

Dr. Bakary Sambe : Nos rapports mettent en évidence une stratégie délibérée du JNIM pour paralyser l’économie malienne en ciblant des axes logistiques vitaux comme j’ai eu à l’expliquer. Par exemple, le sabotage de la RN1 le 31 août 2025, où des engins de chantier de l’entreprise chinoise COVEC ont été incendiés, a perturbé la réhabilitation de cette route essentielle, limitant les échanges commerciaux transfrontaliers. De même, les attaques du 1er juillet 2025 à Diboli, à 1,3 km de la frontière sénégalaise, ont visé des infrastructures sécuritaires, paralysant temporairement le trafic. Ces actions ont provoqué une insécurité alimentaire accrue, touchant 1,52 million de personnes à Ménaka et ailleurs, et une hausse des prix des biens essentiels. Le blocus – réel ou supposé - annoncé le 3 septembre 2025, interdisant l’acheminement de carburant depuis le Sénégal, la Mauritanie, la Côte d’Ivoire et la Guinée, accentue cette crise. Comme notre second rapport l’indique, en forçant une dépendance sur des routes secondaires souvent sous contrôle insurgé, le JNIM renforce son emprise financière via des taxes sur les réseaux informels, affaiblissant davantage l’État malien en cherchant surtout à en délégitimer les autorités avec la persistance de l’insécurité.

 Vous mentionnez dans votre note des attaques contre des intérêts économiques étrangers, notamment chinois. Quel est l’objectif du JNIM derrière ces actions ?

Dr. Bakary Sambe : Le premier rapport souligne que le JNIM cible les intérêts économiques étrangers pour saper les finances de l’État malien et décourager les investissements. En juillet-août 2025, le groupe a attaqué sept sites industriels étrangers à Kayes, dont la Diamond Cement Factory, où trois Indiens ont été kidnappés. Ces raids visent des secteurs clés comme les mines d’or à Bafoulabé, le long de la RN22, un corridor logistique vital. En perturbant ces activités, le JNIM vise à priver Bamako de revenus essentiels, car Kayes représente 80 % de la production aurifère malienne. Ces attaques ciblent aussi des partenaires comme la Chine, qui a investi 2,5 milliards USD au Mali entre 2000 et 2020, selon l’American Enterprise Institute. Notre second rapport note que cette stratégie vise à miner la légitimité du gouvernement malien, accusé de ne pas sécuriser ses partenaires, isolant Bamako sur la scène internationale tout en finançant les opérations du JNIM via l’extorsion et le contrôle des marchés illicites, comme l’or et le bétail. Malgré les débats au sein de la Katiba Macina, l’intérêt croissant du chef terroriste, Abou Leith Al-Lîby pour la région connu pour être un des plus grands experts en matière de prise d’otages, inquiète l’État et les acteurs économiques investissant dans la zone.

Le JNIM impose des blocus, comme à Kayes et Nioro-du-Sahel. Comment cela pourrait-il affecter le commerce transfrontalier avec le Sénégal ? 

Dr. Bakary Sambe : Nos analyses montrent que le blocus annoncé le 3 septembre 2025 par Abou Houzeifa Al-Bambari, ciblant Kayes et Nioro-du-Sahel, perturbe gravement le corridor Bamako-Dakar, qui facilite 70 % des importations maliennes via le port de Dakar. L’interdiction d’acheminement de carburant et la suspension des activités de Diarra Transport, par exemple, illustrée par l’incendie d’un bus près de Karangana le 5 septembre et de trois camions-citernes sur la route Bamako-Kayes les 5-6 septembre, ont réduit les échanges transfrontaliers. L’Union des transporteurs routiers du Sénégal (UTRS) aurait d’ailleurs annoncé la possible suspension de ses trajets dès le 2 juillet 2025 en réponse à ces menaces, augmentant les coûts de transport et des biens essentiels au Sénégal. Comme, déjà, indiqué dans notre premier rapport en avril dernier, ces perturbations menacent les exportations maliennes, comme l’or, le bétail et le bois, transitant par Dakar, et renforcent les réseaux informels contrôlés par le JNIM, affectant l’économie sénégalaise.

 Le rapport évoque, aussi, des risques de contagion régionale, notamment pour le Sénégal et la Mauritanie. Quels sont les principaux dangers à court terme ?

Dr. Bakary Sambe : Nos deux rapports soulignent la porosité des frontières comme un facteur de risque majeur. Au Sénégal, les incidents près de Diboli et Melgué, comme les attaques du 1er juillet 2025, montrent un risque d’infiltration du JNIM vers l’Est du pays. La pression sur Nioro-du-Sahel, où réside le Chérif Bouyé Haïdara, influent en Mauritanie, pourrait envenimer les tensions communautaires, notamment dans les régions des Hodhs et de l’Assaba. Par exemple, sentant cette pression, des internautes mauritaniens sont même allés jusqu’à appeler à une intervention militaire pour protéger le Chérif, illustrant la sensibilité transfrontalière. Le second rapport met en garde contre la perturbation du commerce, comme le blocus de Kayes, qui favorise les trafics illicites et la contrebande, renforçant les réseaux criminels. Sans coopération régionale, ces dynamiques risquent une contagion de l’insécurité, mettant sous pression les capacités sécuritaires du Sénégal, déjà mobilisées par le déploiement du Garsi à Goudiri.

Vous y faites souvent allusions dans le rapport. Comment le JNIM exploite-t-il, alors, les tensions sociales à Kayes, comme les conflits liés à l’esclavage par ascendance, pour asseoir son influence ?

Dr. Bakary Sambe : Notre premier rapport avait pu détailler comment le JNIM exploite les fractures sociales à Kayes, notamment les conflits liés à l’esclavage par ascendance dans des communes comme Oussoubidiagna, où les tensions entre les « lambé » (considérés comme nobles) et le Collectif des Sans-Papiers ont pu créer des griefs qui ont été exploitables ailleurs. Ces conflits, parfois marqués par des affrontements et des expropriations de terres, sont amplifiés par la circulation d’armes et les influences modernes via les réseaux sociaux et certaines diasporas, révoltées par des positions encore conservatrices. Le JNIM utiliserait ces divisions pour pouvoir, peut-être, dans le futur, faciliter le recrutement local, bien que celui-ci soit limité par la résilience économique garantie par les revenus liés à la migration. Mais, notre second rapport note que cette stratégie s’inscrit dans une logique régionale d’exploitation des tensions, comme à Farabougou, où, après sa prise en août 2025, le JNIM a imposé la zakat et des règles strictes, se positionnant comme une autorité alternative pour affaiblir, progressivement, la cohésion communautaire.

 Quelles solutions proposez-vous pour contrer cette offensive du JNIM et limiter ses répercussions régionales ?

Dr. Bakary Sambe : Nos rapports insistent sur la nécessité d’une coopération régionale renforcée, allant au-delà de la seule approche strictement sécuritaire, entre le Mali, le Sénégal et la Mauritanie, mais axée aussi sur le partage de renseignement et la sécurisation des corridors comme la RN1. Par exemple, le déploiement du Garsi dans la zone de Goudiri et environs doit s’accompagner d’une meilleure intelligence sociale pour intégrer les dynamiques socioculturelles locales. À Kayes, il faut renforcer les mécanismes endogènes de médiation, comme ceux portés par les chefs de village, les familles neutres et les jeunes volontaires communautaires, qui, malgré leur efficacité, sont compromis par une certaine polarisation, comme noté dans notre premier rapport. Nos différentes études recommandent des stratégies préventives assumées intégrant les griefs socioreligieux et économiques pour contrer l’exploitation des fractures sociales par le JNIM. Sans ces mesures et une coopération transfrontalière, l’insécurité croissante, illustrée par la prise annoncée de Farabougou ou le blocus de Kayes remis en question par les autorités, risque d’isoler Bamako et de déstabiliser la sous-région ouest-africaine, plus particulièrement les pays voisins. Le Sénégal et ses partenaires devraient d’ailleurs voir dans quelle mesure travailler davantage sur le renforcement de la résilience au-delà des mesures strictement sécuritaires car nous ne sommes pas dans le schéma d’une guerre classique mais, mais qu’on fait face à la complexité d’une menace asymétrique.

 

Timbuktu Institute, September 2025

The resurgence of attacks is far from over in Mali. For several weeks now, the Malian Armed Forces (FAMa) have been the target of repeated attacks by separatist and terrorist groups in various regions of the country, perpetrated in particular by the Group for the Support of Islam and Muslims (JNIM), affiliated with Al-Qaeda, and the Azawad Liberation Front (FLA). From the province of Boulikessi in the centre of the country to Timbuktu, via the south to Mahou (Sikasso) and the north, the number of attacks and victims continues to rise. Faced with this situation of spreading terrorist danger, a stalemate in the security situation and almost simultaneous attacks perpetrated across Mali, the question of the effectiveness of the Africa Corps deployment after Wagner's departure from the country is a legitimate one. While some claim that there has been a status quo since Wagner was replaced by Africa Corps in terms of abuses and human rights violations, others are more optimistic and argue that the situation will improve in the long term. Meanwhile, the spillover from the epicentres is causing neighbouring countries to fear a domino effect with worrying consequences for neighbouring Senegal and Mauritania. So, in the name of the fight against terrorism, how should we interpret the advance of extremist groups in the region while Mali forges partnerships intended to contain a scourge that has lasted too long?

The effectiveness of Russia's deployment in Mali increasingly called into question

In May 2025, the Timbuktu Institute, in a report published on the theme of ‘The threat of JNIM in the tri-border area of Mali, Mauritania and Senegal’, was already warning of the advance of this group towards Mali's neighbouring countries, particularly Senegal and Mauritania, its desire to drive the Malian army away from areas close to Bamako, and the increase in attacks in Kayes near the border with Senegal and Mauritania. Recent attacks have been carried out in the south of the country, not far from the Senegalese and Mauritanian borders, where JNIM fighters carried out seven simultaneous attacks in Kayes city, Nioro du Sahel, and Niono, and reportedly took control of three barracks and dozens of military posts. These JNIM fighters also claimed responsibility for the bombing of the Molodo barracks.

Meanwhile, in Diboli, a Malian village located a few kilometres from Bakel in the Tambacounda region of Senegal, terrorists targeted police and customs posts in a coordinated operation involving vehicles and motorcycles set on fire, which has frightened Senegalese road transporters who regularly use these roads. As a preventive measure, the Senegalese, Malian and Mauritanian armies carried out a joint operation in May 2025, known as a regional offensive against the growing terrorist threat. In this rather alarming context, the resurgence of these attacks raises questions about the effectiveness of the Russian paramilitary troops deployed in Mali.

Indeed, since a military government led by General Assimi Goïta took power in Mali, there has been constant criticism of the French presence. The now President of Mali decided, upon his arrival, to sever relations with the French troops that had been present in the country since 2013 as part of the Serval and Barkhane operations. As a result, relations between Mali and France deteriorated to such an extent that the French army left Mali in 2022, bringing an end to what had until then been a ‘good’ cooperation. ‘Cooperation with France did not meet the aspirations of the Malian people, which is why it was discontinued,’ said Abdoulaye Diop, then Minister of Foreign Affairs, to justify France's withdrawal.

While Franco-Malian cooperation is being denounced, Russia is stepping in to take over with a new form of economic, diplomatic and military cooperation that would be more favourable to Mali. Thanks to its ideological and economic positions, which overlap with those of the AES countries – and which have earned it their support – Russia has succeeded in establishing a foothold in a number of countries in the sub-region with which it maintains cooperative relations. It should be remembered that Mali already recognised the Russian Federation as the successor to the Soviet Union in 1992. Thus, after the overthrow of Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta by the military, who wanted France to leave, Mali began the process of rapprochement with Russia to the point of making it its ally, which presents a major advantage: it advocates values contrary to ‘Western neo-colonialism’, which are widely defended in Mali. This appreciation of Russia would not have been possible without the help of media outlets dedicated to spreading pro-Russian influence and propaganda, such as the African Initiative, among others.

The two countries became partners through the deployment of Wagner Group mercenaries in 2021 to respond to the growing threat of separatists in the north, through the Azawad Liberation Front (FLA) and the JNIM, which continue to carry out attacks that now extend to the border areas of Senegal and Mauritania. After nearly four years of presence on the ground, which has not resolved or even reduced the attacks in Mali, the effectiveness of Wagner, which was initially widely praised, is increasingly being called into question. The defeat suffered in Tinzawatène at the end of July 2024, costing the lives of 84 Wagner mercenaries, has contributed significantly to this dynamic. Thus, with the heavy losses suffered against Tuareg armed groups and terrorists during the last few years of collaboration between the Malian army and the Russian private security company, the latter announced on 6 June 2024 the end of this collaboration on its Telegram account. For Russia, which is ensuring stricter monitoring, a renewal is necessary: the paramilitary group Africa Corps is replacing Wagner with the Malian army. However, this new collaboration is increasingly criticised, particularly with the proliferation of attacks throughout Mali and the losses recorded by the FAMa.

Africa Corps has already suffered setbacks against armed groups. On 13 June 2025, during a skirmish with FLA forces near Kidal, a helicopter was hit and forced to retreat, while several vehicles were destroyed or damaged and several Russian fighters were reportedly killed, according to the FLA. The day before, an Africa Corps truck had already been destroyed by an improvised explosive device.

Furthermore, beyond the difficulties encountered by Russian fighters in direct confrontation with armed groups, certain events raise questions about the quality of the men sent by Moscow. On 14 June, less than two months after its deployment in Mali, a Su-24M Russian tactical bomber crashed near the military base in Gao. This loss adds to other previous incidents. In October 2022, a Su-25 crash in Gao claimed the lives of the crew, with no further details provided by the authorities. More recently, on 1 August 2025, the Africa Corps reportedly lost several soldiers in an ambush carried out by JNIM in Tenenkou, near Mopti. The recurrence of these incidents raises questions about the level of training of the pilots sent to Mali, at a time when Moscow is focusing its efforts on the Ukrainian front.

In addition, another reason that could explain the lack of effectiveness of Russian mercenaries may be the lack of manpower due to Russia's deployment in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, with the immediate consequence of a reduction in the number of personnel deployed in Mali. Added to this is the Malian government's refusal to enter into any negotiations with separatist and terrorist groups, as was the case in 2015.

A communications war heralding a possible ‘balance of terror’

On the Malian army side, as on the terrorist side, each side is communicating about a possible victory over the other, while the Malian armed forces, with a view to pushing back the enemy, are developing a new form of cooperation with Russia, notably with the arrival of the Russian paramilitary forces Africa Corps. Moreover, these Russian paramilitary forces, which have replaced the Wagner Group, do not hesitate to publish images of terrorists killed and weapons seized during their operations on their channels. Meanwhile, some observers remain convinced that the arrival of Africa Corps will only worsen the security situation in Mali, especially since it has not prevented the recent attacks in June and July 2025. With regard to the terrorists, the Malian army, through the national television channel ORTM, also announced that it had neutralised at least 80, without specifying the locations.

Meanwhile, while the Malian army claims that the situation is under control, FLA spokesman Mohamed Elmaouloud announced: ‘Our troops carried out a targeted action against an Africa Corps patrol on Friday. We inflicted significant material damage and human losses on the enemy's ranks.’ This statement follows recent attacks on a barracks in downtown Timbuktu. It therefore seems that, according to some media outlets reporting on the situation, the Malian army has been in difficulty, especially in recent weeks, with attacks occurring almost weekly: attack on a FAMA security post in Kouakourou, mortar attack on the military airport in Gao. Thus, the Malian army, which, according to some (Western) media outlets, is not responding to these accusations that dishonour it, claims to have ‘responded vigorously to this attack perpetrated in central Mali before retreating’.

The near simultaneity of these attacks in different parts of the country is no coincidence, especially since terrorist attacks have been on the rise in AES countries, particularly since their withdrawal from ECOWAS and the departure of French troops. The similarity between the deterioration of the security situation in Mali and that in other AES member states has given rise to a plethora of speculation, which some are quick to link to the diplomatic choices made by these countries. Still on the diplomatic front, earlier in 2024, without giving further details, the Ukrainian General Intelligence Directorate (GUR) claimed to have helped the Tuaregs of northern Mali in an ambush against the FAMa and Wagner Group mercenaries. If so, could the Sahel and the AES countries be the new hotbed of confrontation between Russia and Ukraine? In any case, the separatists, through the Ukrainian flags posted on social media, are engaged in an ‘existential war against Russia’, an ally of the Malian central government. Moreover, the AES countries have referred the matter to the United Nations Security Council to denounce Ukraine's interference in their internal affairs. In addition, observers are beginning to question the collaboration between the FAMa and Russian paramilitary forces, whose effectiveness remains questionable given the resurgence of attacks in Mali.

 

 

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